Full and partial grounding

Discussion of partial grounds that aren't parts of full grounds; definition of full grounding in terms of partial groundin

Identifying Barriers to File Rendering in Bit-level Preservation Repositories: A Preliminary Approach

This paper seeks to advance digital preservation theory and practice by presenting an evidence-based model for identifying barriers to digital content rendering within a bit-level preservation repository. It details the results of an experiment at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign library, where the authors procured a random sample of files from their institution’s digital preservation repository and tested their ability to open said files using software specified in local policies. This sampling regime furnished a preliminary portrait of local file rendering challenges, and thus preservation risk, grounded not in nominal preferences for one format’s characteristics over another, but in empirical evidence of what types of files present genuine barriers to staff and patron access. This research produced meaningful diagnostic data to inform file format policymaking for the repository. Data files created to support this research are available at http://hdl.handle.net/2142/89994.Ope

Immunologic properties of purified epidermal Langerhans cells: Distinct requirements for stimulation of unprimed and sensitized T lymphocytes

Inaba, K., Schuler, G., Witmer, M., Valinsky, J., Atassi, B., and Steinman, R.M. Immunologic properties of purified epidermal Langerhans cells: Distinct requirements for stimulation of unprimed and sensitized T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 164: 605-613, 1986.https://digitalcommons.rockefeller.edu/historical-scientific-reports/1019/thumbnail.jp

Immunologic properties of purified epidermal langerhans cells: Distinct requirements for stimulation of unprimed and sensitized T lymphocytes

[No abstract available

Clustering of dendritic cells, helper T lymphocytes, and histocompatible B cells during primary antibody responses in vitro

[No abstract available

Lymphokine enhances the expression and synthesis of Ia antigen on cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages

Steinman, R.M., Nogueira, N., Witmer, M.D., Tydings, J.D., and Mellman, I.S. Lymphokine enhances the expression and synthesis of Ia antigen on cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 152: 1248-1261, 1980https://digitalcommons.rockefeller.edu/historical-scientific-reports/1005/thumbnail.jp

Influence of delayed immune reactions on human epidermal keratinocytes

The epidermal changes that occur in human cutaneous immune responses have been investigated in the tuberculin reaction and in the lesions of tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy and cutaneous leishmaniasis. In each situation, there was a dermal accumulation of monocytes and T cells, and the epidermis exhibited thickening. In the tuberculin response, the thickness of the epidermis sometimes doubled in 48-72 hr, and this was attributed to increases in both size and number of keratinocytes. In addition, the phenotype of the keratinocytes changed from Ia- to Ia+. Similar changes in keratinocyte Ia-antigen expression occurred in the epidermis overlying untreated tuberculoid leprosy and cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions, but not in lepromatous leprosy. We suggest that one or more epidermal growth factors may be generated in the course of a delayed immune reaction in the dermis

Lymphokine enhances the expression and synthesis of Ia antigens on cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages

Soluble products from antigen stimulated Trypanosoma cruzi-immune spleen cells enhanced the expression of Ia antigens on proteose-peptone-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages (Mphi). Acquisition of Ia paralleled Mphi activation, previously shown to be mediated by this same source of lymphokine (LK). Expression of Ia and four other plasma membrane antigens was monitored by quantitative binding and radioautographic studies with 125I-monoclonal antibodies. Immune LK selectively enhanced expression of Ia and, to a lesser extent, H-2D relative to control LK from antigen-stimulated noninfected spleen. The levels of three other non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, including the trypsin-resistant Fc receptor, were similar in cells exposed to both sources of LK. As little as 1% immune LK induced one-half maximal expression of Ia. Kinetic studies revealed that much of the Ia on freshly explanted peritoneal Mphi was lost during the 1st d of culture. In the continued presence of immune LK, Ia was re-expressed on virtually all Mphi by the 2nd and 3rd d. Alternatively, \u3e95% Ia negative populations were obtained by culturing the cells 3 d; then, addition of LK induced Ia on most cells within 1 d. Once induced, Ia persisted on the Mphi surface for at least 2 d. [ 35S]methionine radiolabeling indicated that immune LK selectively increased radiolabeling of Mphi Ia, again with other non-MHC-linked plasma membrane polypeptides as controls. LK-induced Ia-bearing Mphi were tested as primary mixed leukocyte reaction stimulators. 1 x 10 5-2 x 10 5 Mphi did not stimulate 4.5 x 10 6 responding T cells, whereas 1 x 10 4 dendritic cells induced strong responses, as previously described. Because Ia-positive Mphi do not actively sensitize T cells in a model immune response, we propose that Mphi MHC products serve primarily as recognition sites for previously sensitized T cells, thereby enhancing T cell-mediated Mphi activation